Residents in inland and in borderland are usually identified as “the self” and “the other” so as to distinguish their differences. But, from individuals to whole ethnic groups, or from the upper class to the lower class, there are still close and mutual interactions between them. On the one hand, they may have political segmentation, confrontations, or violent conflicts. However, on the other hand, their economies are interdependent, their different cultures and thinking become more unified, and even their societies gradually amalgamate with each other. Essays in the first part of this book particularly focus on those ethnic minorities who originally independently lived in borderland but had been integrated into China and governed by the Qing court. Issues such as their activities and thinking, their official and personal interactions with inland residents, their experiences of both voluntary immigration and passive relocations to inland China, and their fates during the period transiting from the late Qing dynasty to the early Republican era are discussed in these essays. Besides, through an oral history of a Xinjiang person in Taiwan, the second part of this book vividly illustrates how an individual interacts with the nation. In sum, these essays and records not only reflect diverse cultures originally existing in inland and borderland but also present how heterogeneous cultures which had been introduced into China in modern times interact and develop interrelationships with the traditional culture.